Sunday, April 27, 2008

Cisco CCNA, CCNP, And CCENT Practice Questions - MAC Addresses, BGP, And More!

By Chris Bryant Platinum Quality Author



Let's test your knowledge of the MAC OUI, BGP attributes, DHCP Snooping, and other vital Cisco certification exam topics!


CCNA And CCENT Exam:


Short answer: In the MAC address aa-bb-cc-11-22-33, what portion is the OUI?


Answer: aa-bb-cc. The first half of the MAC address is the Organizationally Unique Identifier.


CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:


Identify the optional transitive BGP attributes.


A. origin


B. next-hop


C. LOCAL_PREF


D. AS_PATH


E. aggregator


F. atomic aggregate


G. community


H. MED


Answer: E, G. Community and aggregator are the two transitive optional BGP attributes, "transitive" meaning that their values will be carried from one AS to another. MED is the only optional non-transitive attribute.


CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:


Short answer: Briefly describe the purpose and operation of DHCP Snooping.


Answer: DHCP Snooping is a method of detecting rogue DHCP servers and minimizing or eliminating their impact on the network. DHCP Snooping determines whether a DHCP device is trusted or untrusted, and only DHCP messages from trusted devices are passed through the switch.


CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:


Short answer: What term is used to describe a router with some interfaces in a "normal" IP network, and other interfaces in a Multiprotocol Label Switching network?


Answer: This is an Edge Label Switch Router, or Edge LSR.


CCNP Certification / ONT Exam:


Short answer: What is the default DSCP setting?


Extra credit: Of the 8 bits in the ToS field, which bits comprise the DSCP?


Answers: The default DSCP setting is zero. From left to right, the first six bits of the ToS field comprise the DSCP value (the six "most significant bits").


Look for more free Cisco certification exam questions on this same website!









Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage, home of free CCNP and CCNA tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages.


You can also visit his blog, which is updated several times daily with new Cisco certification articles, free tutorials, and daily CCNA / CCNP exam questions!


A free 7-part course, "How To Pass The CCNA", is also available.


Earn your CCNA certification with The Bryant Advantage!



Chris Bryant - EzineArticles Expert Author

Sunday, April 20, 2008

Cisco CCNA And CCNP Practice Questions - Static Routing, EIGRP, And More!

By Chris Bryant Platinum Quality Author



Let's test your knowledge of static routes, EIGRP, wildcard masks, and other important Cisco exam topics!


CCENT Certification:


What command creates a default static route that uses the local router's serial0 interface as the exit interface?


Answer: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial0


CCNA Certification:


Which of the following wildcard masks or words would be used in an ACL line that should match one and only one IP address?


A. any


B. host


C. 0.0.0.0


D. 255.255.255.255


Answer: B, C. A wildcard mask of 0.0.0.0 has the same effect as the word "host". Any line with either one of those values will match only the particular IP address named in the line.


CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:


Short answer: By default, what percentage of an interface's bandwidth can EIGRP use?


Answer: By default, EIGRP can use up to 50% of an interface's bandwidth.


CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:


Short answer: At what layer of the Cisco three-layer model should a network's root bridges be found?


Answer: The Core layer.


CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:


Short answer: What is the minimum length of a Cisco router password?


Answer: One character. It's the minimum length, but not a recommended length. ;)


CCNP Certification / ONT Exam:


Which of the following are best to use when optimizing video tranmission flows?


A. LLQ


B. TCP Header Compression


C. WFQ


D. RTP Header Compression


Answers: A, D. LLQ works well with voice due to the reserved priority queue, and RTP header compression is a good choice with voice as well.


Look for more Cisco certification exam questions on this website!









Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage, home of free CCNP and CCNA tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages.


You can also visit his blog, which is updated several times daily with new Cisco certification articles, free tutorials, and daily CCNA / CCNP exam questions!


A free 7-part course, "How To Pass The CCNA", is also available.


Earn your CCNA certification with The Bryant Advantage!



Chris Bryant - EzineArticles Expert Author

Cisco CCNA, CCNP, And CCENT Practice Questions - Register Settings, Passwords, And More

By Chris Bryant Platinum Quality Author



Let's test your knowledge of Cisco router password recovery, the configuration register, and other vital Cisco exam topics!


CCNA And CCENT Certification:


As part of a password recovery procedure on a 2500 router, the configuration register will be changed to 0x2142. What does this change force the router to do?


A. Erase NVRAM contents


B. Erase the existing enable password


C. Ignore the contents of NVRAM


D. Erase the existing starting configuration


Answer: C. The contents of NVRAM will be ignored during the boot process, but not erased.


CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:


Short answer: Name three methods of migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.


Answer: Three such methods are 6to4 tunneling, NAT-PT, and Dual Stack.


CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:


A VTP switch has a revision number of 5. This switch receives a VTP advertisement with a revision number of 6. What action(s) will this switch take?


A. The advertisement is accepted.


B. The advertisement is rejected.


C. The receiving switch increments its revision number.


D. The receiving switch decrements its revision number.


E. The receiving switch does nothing to its revision number.


Answer: A, C. The VTP switch will accept the advertisement; since the revision number of the ad is higher than its own, the advertisement is more recent. The switch will then increment its revision number by one.


CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:


Which of the following is generally considered the strongest symmetric encryption algorithm?


A. AES


B. 3DES


C. DES


D. RSA


E. Diffie-Hellman


Answer: A. Both AES and 3DES are strong symmetric encryption algorithms, but AES is considered the stronger of the two. Both RSA and Diffie-Hellman are asymmetric encryption algorithms.


CCNP Certification / ONT Exam:


Which of the following does 802.11 use for avoiding unnecessary collisions?


A. CSMA/CD


B. CSMA/CA


C. CSMA/CB


D. CSCA/CC


Answer: B. 802.11 uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).









Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage, home of free Cisco CCNP and CCNA Exam tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages.


You can also visit his blog, which is updated several times daily with new Cisco certification articles, free tutorials, and daily CCNA / CCNP exam questions!


Visit his blog and sign up for Certification Central, a daily newsletter packed with CCNA, Network+, A+, and CCNP certification exam practice questions. A free 7-part course, "How To Pass The CCNA", is also available.


Earn your Server 2008 and Vista certification with The Bryant Advantage!



Chris Bryant - EzineArticles Expert Author

Thursday, April 10, 2008

Information Highway And IT Certification

By Emma Gill



The future of IT is bright as predicted by analysts and trend setters of information technology. Many in their forecasts over exaggerate the effects. Some do it to promote certain trends, products and services, some to prove the industry leadership.


This is not another crystal ball gaze but a simple extension of empirical observations of our own (still less connected) environment into the future, assuming that the present milieu surrounding IT continues. Good chances are that upward trend will not only continue but improve; in quality, quantity and area coverage. However, this article is not from the point of developers but views here are from the users. Perceptions are already changing noticeably.


Most of the local analysts such as, trend watchers and users whom I talked to, expressed hope for positive changes which IT is poised to bring about. Though, one would certainly like to see more, but considering the development in IT which has resulted in access of computers. Similarly, some of the software houses are doing contractual work for western developers in their individual capacity for example, online businesses, cross political and corporate boundaries in seconds, forming new alliances that were unknown to traditional structures and channels.


Akin to this, computers and the Internet are penetrating in households more and more. Rich and poor have nearly equal access to cyberspace almost anywhere and anytime. It is in this situation that those who have employed IT in corporate sector say that business practices as well as consumers' behavior have already changed optimistically. Businesses have gone increasingly international in scope. Markets have expanded and monopolies are changing into oligopolies if (yet) not in pure competition. Any one who can bring a first class product and harness technology successfully is bound to prosper in world market.


"World in which we do business today differs profoundly from that of ten years ago, and this difference is mainly because of development in IT. Why else sky suits made in Karachi and sport goods made in which are seen prominently in international championships," says an International Marketing expert of Punjab University, Professor Mike Asthmas. Sure we are not making most of existing IT infrastructure. "What I can say with certainty about the future is this: number of business concerns, large and small, are poised in making optimum use of IT and benefit. The realization is already upon us that IT (coupled with standard business practices) is the only way ahead".


Call center based resource center's consultant International Study Solutions thinks, "IT is not just a set of programs, instruments or utilities processing information. It is a mixture of all these essentials to meet and to achieve business goals and should be able to meet the needs of any business outfit. It is the output from all the applications and experience to produce something useful; a product, a process, a system, a methodology. It is a result that matter ultimately because that is what businesses want. Every futuristic concern now believes that employment of IT results in better efficiency, lower cost, more production flexibility, and product quality and consistency. IT expenditure, observed the drop off early in this decade world wide, has been on the rise in Pakistan.


Hopefully, more business adopting call centers and deploying other IT solutions in future are to develop. "The power of computers is increasing by every other day. They are getting affordable to have, simpler to learn and massively customizable for different set of wants, making them vital part of all contemporary life activities. It is now imaginable to consider an era where hotel, airline, rail and other reservations, stock exchange trade, banking, shopping, payroll accounting and many other functions, all become computerized. "It is no prophecy because these systems are already successfully working in the west. What I see is the local users developing trust in gizmo's and networks to transfer information as well as money economically and speedily," e-mailed Mike, a graduate from reputed local IT institute now studying on scholarship in America he got is MCSE Exams Training


IT is not autonomous. It is part of social and cultural phenomena. "Information found online in its various forms, "voice conversations, still images, motion pictures, multimedia presentations and online, including those not yet conceived", is bringing about social changes; some are already visible. Users are demanding quality information that they can turn into common knowledge and apply to real life problems on ground. A sociologist Dr McPherson predicts, "What we find on the internet is to become part of wisdom ultimately. Or it will be rejected right away."


Past events and the measure taken are suggesting safer surfing in future. Users have been complaining of information deficiency syndrome (and information overload), spam, security concerns, identity theft, caber crimes, copyright violations, and unsavory material that mar the internet experience. Only spasm has coasted millions to businesses besides irritating individual users by filling in their in boxes with mails sometime carrying viruses such as: Trojan horses, ads for herbal medicines or links to explicit imagery. But a lot is being done to clean the cyberspace and make it more live able. A hardcore Ezechiel Aphids Abbrev says, "In future, commute on the Information Highway will be much safer. Ethics will get better. On the downside, I see paid contents on the Internet increasing. More information will go behind subscriptions and or security firewalls." This is the future, and it is heavily IT dependent. IT plays central role in business world and in the lives of individual users, what ever they happen to be doing in life or career.


Academicians, media and IT professionals themselves are best placed than any other category, to span the gaps between real world and IT and the gap between IT and perceptions. New generation will be more digital than the present one.









And if you are planning to archiving the IT Certification http://www.testkingdom.com provide the best solution for your IT career.



Emma Gill - EzineArticles Expert Author

Computer Certifications - Do I Need Certifications To Work In Computers?

By Fred Roe



I got started in computers back in the mid 90's when computer certifications were just gaining prominence. I can remember when the Microsoft certifications first came out. I got my first MCSE back in 1996. And back then you could write a check with a certification. Just having the certification was a ticket to going from $40,000 or so a year to $70-80,000 a year. I know when I posted my MCSE on monster.com my phone was going crazy.


Today however the certification craze has died down. While still important it isn't the guarantee of instant earnings like it was at one time. There are still a few instances when having a certification can definitely help.


If you're just getting started in the field, it can definitely help to get a certification. For instance someone who is looking to get into work as a computer technician will be well served by getting their A+ certification prior to getting a job. It's just a way of showing that you are serious about the profession, not someone just idly looking for a new job.


Secondly I believe people that are transitioning into more senior positions can be well served by certifications. A programmer with 2-4 years of experience would have a better shot at senior level positions with a programming certification like MCSD. With solid work experience and the effort to get certified it makes recruiters take note of your ability to grow into the field.


Lastly consultants can usually use their certifications to achieve a higher hourly rate. When I got my MCSD about two years ago, my hourly rate shot up $10 an hour. Having multiple certifications and a very solid work experience can add up to a very lucrative and rewarding consulting career.


So, while you don't strictly need any certifications to work in computers there are certain situations which are greatly aided by having certifications. With all of the resources available now, getting certifications is much easier than it ever has been and shouldn't be a hindrance to moving ahead in your career.








Fred is a computer repair technician with Atlanta Computer Repair company Nerds Next Door. If you have any questions, or would like information about computer repairs in Atlanta, visit our website at http://www.AtlantaComputerRepairs.net


Cisco CCNA And CCNP Practice Questions - ARP, Proxy ARP, Admin Distance, And More

By Chris Bryant Platinum Quality Author



Test your knowledge of ARP, Proxy ARP, administrative distance, and other vital Cisco exam topics with these free questions!


CCNA And CCENT Certification Exam:


Host A wants to send data to Host B. Host A knows Host B's IP address, but not its MAC address. There are two switches and a hub between the two hosts. What protocol will allow Host A to transmit data successfully to Host B?


A. ARP


B. Inverse ARP


C. RARP


D. Proxy ARP


Answer: A. ARP can work successfully in this situation, since there are no routers in the path between Host A and Host B. ARP broadcasts will successfully be forwarded by the switches.


CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:


Given the following routing table excerpt, what local interface will traffic destined for 234.4.4.4 use to exit the router?


R 234.4.4.0 /24 [120/2] via ethernet0


I 234.4.4.0 /23 [100/4253] via ethernet1


R 234.4.4.0 /24 [120/2] via serial0


O 234.4.4.0 /23 [110/20]via serial1


Answer: The load will be shared over the two RIP paths. They have the longest prefix for the route (/24), and since the metrics are equal, they will equal-cost load-share over the two paths. Hopefully you'll only see a routing table like that on an exam or here in a practice question!


CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:


Short answer: You want to connect a router's AUI port to a switch port. What kind of cable will you need?


Answer: You'll need a straight through cable as well as a transceiver.


CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:


Short answer: Packet filtering can use information from what OSI model layer headers to permit or deny traffic?


Answers: Packet filtering can match against both L3 and L4 criteria.


CCNP Certification / ONT Exam:


Cisco routers support three types of digital phone ports. Name them.


Answer: Our old friend ISDN, along with Common Channel Signaling (CCS) and Channel Associated Signaling (CAS).


Look for more free Cisco certification exam practice questions on this website soon!









Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage, home of free Cisco CCNP Certification and CCNA Certification Exam tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages.


You can also visit his blog, which is updated several times daily with new Cisco certification articles, free tutorials, and daily CCNA / CCNP exam questions!


Visit his blog and sign up for Certification Central, a daily newsletter packed with CCNA, Network+, A+, and CCNP certification exam practice questions. A free 7-part course, "How To Pass The CCNA", is also available.


Earn your Microsoft Server 2008 certification with The Bryant Advantage!



Chris Bryant - EzineArticles Expert Author